JREENNGGGGG~
IT'S BEEN A LONG TIME FOR ME.
WELL.
I'M THINKING ABOUT THE MESOPOTAMIAN THIS NOWADAYS,
GONNA SHARED SOME INFORMATION FOR YOU GUYS.

MESOPOTAMIAN

Mesopotamia (from the Ancient Greek: Μεσοποταμία: "[land] between rivers";Arabic: بلاد الرافدين‎ (bilād al-rāfidayn); Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ (beth nahrain): "land of rivers") is a toponym for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, corresponding to modern-day Iraq and to a lesser extent northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkeyand smaller parts of southwestern Iran.

translation : mesopotamia berasal dari yunani kuno Μεσοποταμία yang bisa dikatakan bahwa artinya tanah diantara sungai. Arabic: بلاد الرافدين‎ (bilād al-rāfidayn); Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ (beth nahrain):diartikan sebagai tanah dari sungai.) merupakan toponim dari area dari sistem sungai tigris euphrates, , sesuai dengan zaman modern Irak dan untuk tingkat yang lebih rendah timur laut Suriah, Turki tenggara dan bagian yang lebih kecil dari barat daya Iran.

Around 150 BC, Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthians. Mesopotamia became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians, with parts of Mesopotamia coming under ephemeral Roman control. In AD 226, it fell to the Sassanid Persians, and remained under Persian rule until the 7th century Arab Islamic conquest of the Sassanid Empire. A number of primarily neo Assyrian and Christian native Mesopotamian states existed between the 1st century BC and 3rd century AD, including Adiabene, Osroene and Hatra.

translation :

Sekitar 150 SM, Mesopotamia berada di bawah kontrol dari Partia. Mesopotamia menjadi medan pertempuran antara Romawi dan Partia, dengan bagian-bagian dari Mesopotamia datang di bawah kontrol Romawi singkat. Pada tahun 226, jatuh ke Persia Sassania, dan tetap berada di bawah kekuasaan Persia sampai penaklukan abad ke-7 Arab Islam Kekaisaran Sassanid. Sejumlah Asyur terutama neo dan Kristen asli Mesopotamia menyatakan ada antara abad ke-1 SM dan abad ke-3, termasuk Adiabene, Osroene dan Hatra.

The history of ancient Mesopotamia begins with the emergence of urban societies during the Ubaid period (ca. 5300 BC). The history of the Ancient Near East begins in the Lower Paleolithic period, and ends with either the arrival of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 6th century BC, or with the Arab Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia and the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, from which point the region came to be known as Iraq. Mesopotamia housed some of the world's most ancient highly developed and socially complex states. The region was one of the four riverine civilizations where writing was invented (it being the first), along with the Nilevalley in Egypt, the Indus Valley in the Indian subcontinent, and Yellow River valley in China (although writing is also known to have arisen independently in Mesoamerica). Mesopotamia housed historically important cities such as Uruk, Nippur, Nineveh, Assur andBabylon, as well as major territorial states such as the city of Ma-asesblu, the Akkadian kingdom, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the various Assyrian empires. Some of the important historical Mesopotamian leaders were Ur-Nammu (king of Ur), Sargon (who established the Akkadian Empire), Hammurabi (who established the Old Babylonian state), Ashur-uballit II and Tiglath-Pileser I (who established the Assyrian Empires).

translation :

Sejarah Mesopotamia kuno dimulai dengan munculnya masyarakat perkotaan selama periode Ubaid (sekitar 5300 SM). Sejarah Timur Dekat Kuno dimulai pada periode Paleolitik Bawah, dan berakhir dengan baik kedatangan dari Kekaisaran Achaemenid di akhir abad ke 6 SM, atau dengan penaklukan Islam Arab Mesopotamia dan pembentukan kekhalifahan di akhir abad ke-7 AD, dari mana titik wilayah ini kemudian dikenal sebagai Irak. Mesopotamia ditempatkan beberapa negara yang paling kuno di dunia sangat maju dan sosial yang kompleks. Wilayah ini adalah salah satu dari empat peradaban sungai di mana tulisan itu (itu yang pertama), bersama dengan lembah Nil di Mesir, Lembah Indus di anak benua India, dan Yellow lembah Sungai di Cina (meskipun tulisan ini juga dikenal memiliki muncul secara independen di Mesoamerika). Mesopotamia bertempat kota historis penting seperti Uruk, Nippur, Niniwe, Assur dan Babel, serta teritorial negara besar seperti kota Ma-asesblu, kerajaan Akkadia, Dinasti Ketiga Ur, dan Asyur berbagai kerajaan. Beberapa pemimpin penting Mesopotamia sejarah adalah Ur-Nammu (raja Ur), Sargon (yang mendirikan Kekaisaran Akkadia), Hammurabi (yang mendirikan negara Babilonia Lama), Ashur-uballit II dan Tiglat Pileser-I (yang mendirikan Asyur Empires).

Language and writing

One of the Nimrud ivories, Neo-Assyrian period, 9th–7th centuries BC

The earliest language written in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, an agglutinative language isolate. Along with Sumerian, Semitic dialects were also spoken in early Mesopotamia.Akkadian, came to be the dominant language during the Akkadian Empire and the Assyrianempires, but Sumerian was retained for administration, religious, literary, and scientificpurposes. Different varieties of Akkadian were used until the end of the Neo-Babylonian period. Aramaic, which had already become common in Mesopotamia, then became the official provincial administration language of first the Neo Assyrian Empire, and then theAchaemenid Persian Empire. Akkadian fell into disuse, but both it and Sumerian were still used in temples for some centuries. The last Akkadian texts date from the late 1st century CE.

Early in Mesopotamia's history (around the mid-4th millennium BC) cuneiform script was invented. Cuneiform literally means "wedge-shaped", due to the triangular tip of the stylus used for impressing signs on wet clay. The standardized form of each cuneiform sign appears to have been developed from pictograms. The earliest texts (7 archaic tablets) come from the E Temple dedicated to the goddess Inanna at Uruk, from a building labeled as Temple C by its excavators.

The early logographic system of cuneiform script took many years to master. Thus, only a limited number of individuals were hired asscribes to be trained in its use. It was not until the widespread use of a syllabic script was adopted under Sargon's rule^{[citation needed]}that significant portions of Mesopotamian population became literate. Massive archives of texts were recovered from the archaeological contexts of Old Babylonian scribal schools, through which literacy was disseminated.

During the third millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism.^[11] The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.^[11] This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a sprachbund.^[11] Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate),^[12] but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary, and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century CE.

translation:

Salah satu tuts Nimrud, Neo-Asyur periode, 9-abad ke-7 SM

Bahasa yang paling awal ditulis di Mesopotamia adalah Sumeria, sebuah bahasa aglutinatif mengisolasi. Seiring dengan Sumeria, dialek Semit juga digunakan di Mesopotamia awal. Akkadia, datang untuk menjadi bahasa yang dominan selama Kekaisaran Akkadia dan kerajaan Asiria, Sumeria tapi dipertahankan untuk administrasi, agama, tujuan sastra, dan ilmiah. Varietas yang berbeda dari Akkadia digunakan sampai akhir masa Neo-Babel. Bahasa Aram, yang sudah menjadi umum di Mesopotamia, kemudian menjadi bahasa administrasi resmi provinsi pertama Asyur Kekaisaran Neo, dan kemudian Persia Achaemenid Empire. Akkadia jatuh ke dalam tidak digunakan, namun kedua dan Sumeria masih digunakan di kuil-kuil untuk beberapa abad. Para Akkadia teks terakhir tanggal dari tanggal 1 akhir abad Masehi.

Pada awal sejarah Mesopotamia itu (sekitar pertengahan milenium ke-4 SM) runcing naskah diciptakan. Cuneiform secara harfiah berarti "berbentuk baji", karena ujung segitiga stylus digunakan untuk mengesankan tanda-tanda di lapangan tanah liat basah. Bentuk standar dari masing-masing tanda runcing tampaknya telah dikembangkan dari pictograms. Teks-teks awal (7 tablet kuno) berasal dari Kuil E didedikasikan untuk dewi Inanna di Uruk, dari sebuah bangunan dicap sebagai Temple C oleh excavator tersebut.

Sistem logographic awal runcing naskah waktu bertahun-tahun untuk menguasai. Dengan demikian, hanya sejumlah individu dipekerjakan sebagai juru tulis untuk dilatih dalam penggunaannya. Ia tidak sampai meluasnya penggunaan script suku kata diadopsi di bawah pemerintahan Sargon [kutipan diperlukan] yang bagian signifikan dari penduduk Mesopotamia menjadi melek. Arsip besar teks-teks ditemukan dari konteks arkeologi dari Old juru tulis sekolah Babilon, melalui mana melek disebarluaskan.

Selama milenium ketiga SM, ada simbiosis mengembangkan budaya yang sangat intim antara Sumeria dan Akkadians, termasuk bilingualisme luas. [11] Pengaruh pada Sumeria Akkadia (dan sebaliknya) adalah jelas dalam semua bidang, mulai dari peminjaman leksikal pada besar skala, untuk konvergensi sintaksis, morfologi, dan fonologi [11]. Hal ini telah mendorong para ahli untuk merujuk pada Sumeria dan Akkadia di milenium ketiga sebagai sebuah sprachbund. [11] Akkadia bertahap digantikan Sumeria sebagai bahasa lisan Mesopotamia di sekitar belokan dari ke-3 dan milenium ke-2 SM (penanggalan yang tepat menjadi bahan perdebatan), [12] tetapi Sumeria terus digunakan sebagai bahasa, suci seremonial, sastra, dan ilmiah di Mesopotamia sampai abad ke-1 Masehi.

so,i can say that the mesopotamian was as awesome as the ancient egyptian. as the mayan ,and other culture the mesopotamian also striking in science and technology,here are some thesis.

Science and technology

Mathematics

Main articles: Babylonian mathematics and Babylonian calendar

Mesopotamian mathematics and science was based on a sexagesimal (base 60) numeral system. This is the source of the 60-minute hour, the 24-hour day, and the 360-degree circle. The Sumerian calendar was based on the seven-day week. This form of mathematics was instrumental in early map-making. The Babylonians also had theorems on how to measure the area of several shapes and solids. They measured the circumference of a circle as three times the diameter and the area as one-twelfth the square of the circumference, which would be correct if pi were fixed at 3. The volume of a cylinder was taken as the product of the area of the base and the height; however, the volume of the frustum of a cone or a square pyramid was incorrectly taken as the product of the height and half the sum of the bases. Also, there was a recent discovery in which a tablet used pi as 25/8 (3.125 instead of 3.14159~). The Babylonians are also known for the Babylonian mile, which was a measure of distance equal to about seven modern miles (11 km). This measurement for distances eventually was converted to a time-mile used for measuring the travel of the Sun, therefore, representing time.

Astronomy

Main article: Babylonian astronomy

The Babylonian astronomers were very adept at mathematics and could predict eclipses and solstices. Scholars thought that everything had some purpose in astronomy. Most of these related to religion and omens. Mesopotamian astronomers worked out a 12-month calendar based on the cycles of the moon. They divided the year into two seasons: summer and winter. The origins of astronomy as well as astrology date from this time.

During the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Babylonian astronomers developed a new approach to astronomy. They began studying philosophy dealing with the ideal nature of the early universe and began employing an internal logic within their predictive planetary systems. This was an important contribution to astronomy and the philosophy of science and some scholars have thus referred to this new approach as the first scientific revolution. This new approach to astronomy was adopted and further developed in Greek and Hellenistic astronomy.

In Seleucid and Parthian times, the astronomical reports were thoroughly scientific; how much earlier their advanced knowledge and methods were developed is uncertain. The Babylonian development of methods for predicting the motions of the planets is considered to be a major episode in the history of astronomy.

The only Greek Babylonian astronomer known to have supported a heliocentric model of planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BC).Seleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch. He supported Aristarchus of Samos' heliocentric theory where theEarth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun. According to Plutarch, Seleucus even proved the heliocentric system, but it is not known what arguments he used (except that he correctly theorized on tides as a result of Moon's attraction).

Babylonian astronomy served as the basis for much of Greek, classical Indian, Sassanian, Byzantine, Syrian, medieval Islamic, Central Asian, and Western European astronomy.

Medicine

The oldest Babylonian texts on medicine date back to the Old Babylonian period in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the Diagnostic Handbook written by the ummânū, or chief scholar, Esagil-kin-apli ofBorsippa,^[20] during the reign of the Babylonian king Adad-apla-iddina (1069-1046 BC).^[21]

Along with contemporary Egyptian medicine, the Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination, and prescriptions. In addition, the Diagnostic Handbook introduced the methods of therapy and aetiology and the use of empiricism,logic, and rationality in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The text contains a list of medical symptoms and often detailed empiricalobservations along with logical rules used in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and prognosis.

The symptoms and diseases of a patient were treated through therapeutic means such as bandages, creams and pills. If a patient could not be cured physically, the Babylonian physicians often relied on exorcism to cleanse the patient from any curses. Esagil-kin-apli's Diagnostic Handbook was based on a logical set of axioms and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the symptoms of a patient, it is possible to determine the patient's disease, its aetiology, its future development, and the chances of the patient's recovery.

Esagil-kin-apli discovered a variety of illnesses and diseases and described their symptoms in his Diagnostic Handbook. These include the symptoms for many varieties of epilepsy and related ailments along with their diagnosis and prognosis.

Technology

Mesopotamian people invented many technologies including metal and copper-working, glass and lamp making, textile weaving, flood control, water storage, and irrigation. They were also one of the first Bronze age people in the world. They developed from copper, bronze, and gold on to iron. Palaces were decorated with hundreds of kilograms of these very expensive metals. Also, copper, bronze, and iron were used for armor as well as for different weapons such as swords, daggers, spears, and maces.

According to a recent hypothesis, the Archimedes screw may have been used by Sennacherib, King of Assyria, for the water systems at the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and Nineveh in the 7th century BC, although mainstream scholarship holds it to be a Greekinvention of later times.Later during the Parthian or Sassanid periods, the Baghdad Battery, which may have been the world's first battery, was created in Mesopotamia.

Religion and philosophy

Main article: Mesopotamian religion

Mesopotamian religion was the first to be recorded. Mesopotamians believed that the world was a flat disc^{[citation needed]}, surrounded by a huge, holed space, and above that, heaven. They also believed that water was everywhere, the top, bottom and sides, and that theuniverse was born from this enormous sea. In addition, Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic.

Although the beliefs described above were held in common among Mesopotamians, there were also regional variations. The Sumerian word for universe is an-ki, which refers to the god An and the goddess Ki. Their son was Enlil, the air god. They believed that Enlil was the most powerful god. He was the chief god of the Pantheon, equivalent to the Greek god Zeus and the Roman god Jupiter. The Sumerians also posed philosophical questions, such as: Who are we?, Where are we?, How did we get here?.^{[citation needed]} They attributed answers to these questions to explanations provided by their gods.

Philosophy

The origins of philosophy can be traced back to early Mesopotamian wisdom, which embodied certain philosophies of life, particularlyethics, in the forms of dialectic, dialogs, epic poetry, folklore, hymns, lyrics, prose works, and proverbs. Babylonian reasoning andrationality developed beyond empirical observation.

The earliest form of logic was developed by the Babylonians, notably in the rigorous nonergodic nature of their social systems. Babylonian thought was axiomatic and is comparable to the "ordinary logic" described by John Maynard Keynes. Babylonian thought was also based on an open-systems ontology which is compatible with ergodic axioms. Logic was employed to some extent inBabylonian astronomy and medicine.

Babylonian thought had a considerable influence on early Greek and Hellenistic philosophy. In particular, the Babylonian text Dialogue of Pessimism contains similarities to the agonistic thought of the sophists, the Heraclitean doctrine of contrasts, and the dialectic and dialogs of Plato, as well as a precursor to the maieutic method of Socrates The Ionian philosopher Thales was influenced by Babylonian cosmological ideas.

Ilmu dan teknologi

Matematika

Artikel utama: Babel matematika dan Babilonia kalender

Mesopotamia matematika dan ilmu pengetahuan didasarkan pada sistem (basis 60) angka sexagesimal. Ini adalah sumber dari jam 60-menit, hari 24-jam, dan lingkaran 360 derajat. Kalender Sumeria didasarkan pada minggu tujuh hari. Bentuk matematika berperan penting dalam awal pembuatan peta. Orang Babel juga memiliki teorema tentang bagaimana mengukur bidang beberapa bentuk dan padatan. Mereka mengukur keliling lingkaran sebagai tiga kali diameter dan daerah sebagai satu-dua belas dengan kuadrat lingkar, yang akan menjadi benar jika pi tertuju pada 3. Volume silinder diambil sebagai produk dari bidang dasar dan tinggi, namun, volume frustum kerucut atau piramida persegi itu tidak benar diambil sebagai produk dari ketinggian setengah jumlah dari basis . Juga, ada penemuan terbaru di mana tablet digunakan pi sebagai 25/8 (3,125 bukannya 3,14159 ~). Orang Babilonia juga dikenal karena satu mil Babilonia, yang adalah ukuran dari jarak yang sama dengan sekitar tujuh mil yang modern (11 km). Ini pengukuran untuk jarak akhirnya dikonversi menjadi satu mil waktu digunakan untuk mengukur perjalanan Matahari, oleh karena itu, mewakili waktu.

Astronomi

Artikel utama: Babel astronomi

Para astronom Babilonia sangat mahir dalam matematika dan bisa memprediksi gerhana dan solstices. Para ahli berpikir bahwa segala sesuatu memiliki beberapa tujuan dalam astronomi. Sebagian besar berhubungan dengan agama dan pertanda. Astronom Mesopotamia bekerja di luar kalender 12-bulan berdasarkan siklus bulan. Mereka tahun dibagi menjadi dua musim: musim panas dan musim dingin. Asal-usul astronomi serta tanggal astrologi dari waktu ini.

Selama abad ke-8 dan ke-7 SM, para astronom Babilonia mengembangkan pendekatan baru untuk astronomi. Mereka mulai belajar filsafat berurusan dengan sifat ideal dari alam semesta awal dan mulai menggunakan logika internal dalam sistem prediksi mereka planet. Ini merupakan suatu kontribusi penting untuk astronomi dan filsafat ilmu dan beberapa sarjana telah demikian disebut pendekatan baru ini sebagai revolusi ilmiah pertama [15]. Pendekatan baru untuk astronomi diadopsi dan dikembangkan lebih lanjut dalam astronomi Yunani dan Helenistik.

Pada zaman Seleukus dan Parthia, laporan astronomi adalah benar-benar ilmiah, bagaimana jauh lebih awal pengetahuan lanjutan dan metode dikembangkan tidak pasti. Perkembangan Babel metode untuk memprediksi gerakan planet dianggap sebagai episode besar dalam sejarah astronomi.

Astronom Babylonia hanya Yunani diketahui telah mendukung model heliosentris dari gerakan planet adalah Seleukus dari Seleucia (lahir 190 SM) Seleukus dikenal dari tulisan Plutarch. Dia mendukung teori heliosentris Aristarchus dari Samos 'di mana bumi berputar mengelilingi porosnya sendiri yang pada gilirannya berkisar Matahari. Menurut Plutarch, Seleukus bahkan membuktikan sistem heliosentris, tetapi tidak diketahui apa argumen yang dia gunakan (kecuali bahwa ia benar berteori di pasang sebagai akibat dari daya tarik Bulan).

Babel astronomi menjabat sebagai dasar untuk sebagian besar Yunani, India klasik, Sassania, Bizantium, Suriah, abad pertengahan Islam, Asia Tengah, dan astronomi Eropa Barat.

Obat

Babilonia teks tertua pada tanggal kedokteran kembali ke masa Babilonia Lama dalam paruh pertama milenium SM 2. Teks Babilonia yang paling luas medis, bagaimanapun, adalah Buku Pegangan Diagnostik ditulis oleh ummânū, atau sarjana kepala, Esagil-kin-APLI dari Borsippa, pada masa pemerintahan raja Babilonia Adad-APLA-iddina (1069-1046 SM ).

Seiring dengan obat Mesir kontemporer, Babel memperkenalkan konsep diagnosis, prognosis, pemeriksaan fisik, dan resep. Selain itu, Buku Pegangan Diagnostik memperkenalkan metode terapi dan etiologi dan penggunaan empirisme, logika, dan rasionalitas dalam diagnosis, prognosis dan terapi. Teks ini berisi daftar gejala medis dan pengamatan empiris sering rinci bersama dengan aturan logika yang digunakan dalam menggabungkan gejala yang diamati pada tubuh seorang pasien dengan diagnosis dan prognosis.

Gejala-gejala dan penyakit pasien diobati melalui cara terapi seperti perban, krim dan pil. Jika pasien tidak bisa disembuhkan secara fisik, dokter Babilonia sering mengandalkan eksorsisme untuk membersihkan pasien dari segala kutuk. Esagil-kin-APLI yang Diagnostik Handbook didasarkan pada seperangkat logis dari aksioma dan asumsi, termasuk pandangan modern bahwa melalui pemeriksaan dan pemeriksaan dari gejala pasien, adalah mungkin untuk menentukan penyakit pasien, etiologi, pengembangan masa depan , dan kemungkinan pemulihan pasien [20].

Esagil-kin-APLI menemukan berbagai penyakit dan penyakit dan menggambarkan gejala mereka dalam Buku Pegangan Diagnostik nya. Ini termasuk gejala untuk banyak jenis epilepsi dan penyakit terkait bersama dengan diagnosis dan prognosis. [23]

Teknologi

Orang Mesopotamia menemukan banyak teknologi termasuk logam dan pembuatan tembaga pekerja, kaca dan lampu, tekstil tenun, pengendalian banjir, penyimpanan air, dan irigasi. Mereka juga salah satu orang usia Perunggu pertama di dunia. Mereka mengembangkan dari tembaga, perunggu, dan emas ke besi. Istana dihiasi dengan ratusan kilogram logam ini sangat mahal. Juga, tembaga, perunggu, dan besi digunakan untuk armor serta senjata yang berbeda seperti pedang, belati, tombak, dan maces.

Menurut hipotesis terakhir, sekrup Archimedes mungkin telah digunakan oleh Sanherib, Raja Asyur, untuk sistem air di Taman Gantung Babilonia dan Niniwe di abad ke-7 SM, meskipun beasiswa utama memegang itu menjadi penemuan Yunani kemudian kali [24] Kemudian. selama periode Parthia atau Sassanid, Baterai Baghdad, yang mungkin baterai pertama di dunia, diciptakan di Mesopotamia. [25]

Agama dan filsafat

Artikel utama: agama Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia agama adalah orang pertama yang direkam. Mesopotamia percaya bahwa dunia adalah sebuah cakram datar [rujukan?], Dikelilingi oleh ruang, besar bersembunyi, dan di atas itu, surga. Mereka juga percaya bahwa air di mana-mana, bagian bawah, atas dan samping, dan bahwa alam semesta lahir dari laut yang sangat besar. Selain itu, Mesopotamia adalah agama politeistik.

Meskipun keyakinan yang dijelaskan di atas dimiliki bersama antara Mesopotamia, ada juga variasi regional. Kata Sumeria bagi semesta alam adalah-ki, yang mengacu pada dewa An dan Ki dewi. Anak mereka adalah Enlil, dewa udara. Mereka percaya bahwa Enlil adalah dewa yang paling kuat. Ia adalah dewa utama Pantheon, setara dengan Zeus dewa Yunani dan Romawi dewa Jupiter. Bangsa Sumeria juga mengajukan pertanyaan filosofis, seperti: Siapakah kita, mana kita, Bagaimana kita bisa sampai di sini [rujukan?] Mereka menganggap jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini untuk penjelasan yang diberikan oleh dewa-dewa mereka?..

Filsafat

Asal-usul filsafat dapat ditelusuri kembali ke kebijaksanaan Mesopotamia awal, yang diwujudkan filosofi kehidupan tertentu, khususnya etika, dalam bentuk dialektika, dialog, puisi epik, cerita rakyat, himne, lirik, karya prosa, dan peribahasa. Penalaran Babilonia dan rasionalitas dikembangkan melampaui pengamatan empiris .

Bentuk paling awal dari logika dikembangkan oleh orang Babel, terutama dalam sifat nonergodic ketat sistem sosial mereka. Babel pikir aksiomatik dan sebanding dengan logika "biasa" yang dijelaskan oleh John Maynard Keynes. Babel pikir juga didasarkan pada ontologi terbuka sistem yang kompatibel dengan aksioma ergodic. Logika dipekerjakan sampai batas tertentu di Babilonia astronomi dan kedokteran.

Babel pikir punya pengaruh yang besar terhadap filsafat Yunani dan Helenistik awal. Secara khusus, teks Babilonia Dialog Pesimisme mengandung kesamaan dengan pemikiran atletik dari sofis, doktrin Heraclitean kontras, dan dialektika dan dialog Plato, serta sebagai awal dari metode maieutic Socrates. Para Ionia Thales filsuf dipengaruhi oleh ide-ide Babel kosmologis.

here are some pics :D

thev view of the civilization in mesopotamian

tablet from the ancient mesopotamian

1979 excavation of Babylon, one of the ancient cities of Mesopotamia.

David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images

Mesopotamian Ziggurat.

Image via Wikipedia (Ancient Mesapotamia) (Euphrates and Tigris Rivers)

the artifact.

artificial poetry from mesopotamian.

Ptolemy III Chronicle (BCHP 11)

THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW :

The Chronicle concerning the invasion of Ptolemy III (the "Ptolemy III Chronicle"; BCHP 11) is one of the historiographical texts from ancientBabylonia. It tells how king Ptolemy III Euergetes invaded Mesopotamia and laid siege to Babylon in 246/245 BCE. For a very brief introduction to the literary genre of chronicles, go here.

The cuneiform tablet (BM 34428) is in the British Museum. On this website, a reading is proposed by Bert van der Spek of the Free University of Amsterdam (Netherlands) and Irving Finkel of the British Museum. Please notice that this is a preliminary version of what will be the chronicle's veryfirst edition. This web publication is therefore intended to invite suggestions for better readings, comments and interpretations (go here to contact Van der Spek).

that's all. my conclusion for the mesopotamian is :

Mesopotamia, the first civilization, was were it all began. While researching Mesopotamia the students have discovered many achievements and contributions that they have given to the world today. Students will further develop their knowledge about Ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Greece.

source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia)

thankyou wiki <3

xoxo,

jess

J E S S I E S H E I L A S H Y U.

Sunday, December 30, 2012

vintages,vintages,and vintages.

FOODPORN.

Thursday, August 16, 2012

THE MESOPOTAMIAN.